Moreover, important effectors of the innate immune response to pathogen infection, such as the mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein (MAVS), are located at the mitochondrial surface and modulated by the cellular metabolic status and mitochondrial dynamics. Metabolic cues including nucleotide imbalance can stimulate the release of mtDNA from mitochondria in order to drive a type I interferon response. However, recent research has revealed that the extra-mitochondrial exposure of mtDNA is not solely a negative consequence of mitochondrial damage and pointed to an active role of mitochondria in innate immunity. Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction can lead to the cytosolic and extracellular exposure of mtDNA, which triggers inflammation in a number of diseases including autoimmune neurodegenerative disorders. Each mitochondrion harbours potent agonists of inflammation, including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which are normally shielded from the rest of the cell and extracellular environment and therefore do not elicit detrimental inflammatory cascades. In this space or tilacoidal membrane is where the photosynthetic chain is given by photosynthetic phosphorylation.Mitochondria are master regulators of metabolism and have emerged as key signalling organelles of the innate immune system. They divide three internal compartments such as the stroma, intermembrane space, and the tilacoidal space. For this reason, chloroplasts take advantage of sunlight to synthesize sugars and ATP to feed.Īlso, these organelles are made up of three membranes. Among them, we mention the external, internal and tilacoidal. Thus, from its name, it can be deduced that they contain chlorophyll.

In a simple way, chloroplasts are organelles that have a large delimited membrane. Therefore, these can only be found in those eukaryotic cells that fulfill the process of photosynthesis. That is plant cells and green algae and originates from photosynthetic bacteria. On the other hand, the mitochondria have two membranes and two internal compartments (intermembrane space and matrix), the inner membrane has ridges that separate the mitochondria into two sections a matrix, and an intermembrane space. The function of mitochondria is aerobic respiration of cells, duplication of mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial respiration.

Musikimia biology and mitochondria